In control systems while deriving a transfer function, one always assumes initial conditions as zero. But several systems are unrelaxed initially i.e initial conditions are not zero. So how do...

Is there any way to incorporate the initial conditions while deriving the transfer function?

Consider a bus(a line) of microprocessor/controller to which various peripherals are connected. If any of these require a service from processor, they will 'pull down' the line to ground potential(or...

Why do we talk of diffusion capacitance only in the case of semiconductors? Though the carriers are diffused across the junction in a typical device, the derivation proceeds from the...