Introduction to machine tool / Single point cutting tool
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The tool is wedge shape object of hard material. It is usually made from H.S.S. Beside H.S.S. machine tool is also made from High Carbon Steel, Satellite, Ceramics, Diamond, Abrasive, etc. The main requirement of tool material is hardness. It must be hard enough to resist cutting forces applied on work piece. Hot hardness, wear resistance, Toughness, Thermal conductivity, & specific heat, coefficient of friction, are other requirement of tool material. All these properties should be high.
We discuss about tool material in another thread very soon.
Examples â shear tools, lathe tools, planer tools, boring tolls etc.
Example- milling cutter, drills, brooches, grinding wheels, abrasive sticks etc.
B] According to motion
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The single point cutting tool mainly consist of tool shank & cutting part called point. The point of cutting tool is bounded by cutting face, end flank, side/ main flank, & base. The chip slide along the face.
The side / main cutting edge âabâ is formed by intersecting of face & side / main flank
The end cutting edge âacâ is formed by the intersection of end flank & base.
The point âaâ which the intersection of end cutting edge & side cutting edge is called nose
Mainly the chip cuts by side cutting edge.
The tool is wedge shape object of hard material. It is usually made from H.S.S. Beside H.S.S. machine tool is also made from High Carbon Steel, Satellite, Ceramics, Diamond, Abrasive, etc. The main requirement of tool material is hardness. It must be hard enough to resist cutting forces applied on work piece. Hot hardness, wear resistance, Toughness, Thermal conductivity, & specific heat, coefficient of friction, are other requirement of tool material. All these properties should be high.
We discuss about tool material in another thread very soon.
- Classification of cutting tools
- Single point cutting tool
Examples â shear tools, lathe tools, planer tools, boring tolls etc.
- Multi point cutting tool
Example- milling cutter, drills, brooches, grinding wheels, abrasive sticks etc.
B] According to motion
- Linear motion tools â lathe tools, brooches
- Rotary motion tools â milling cutters, grinding wheels
- Linear & rotary motion tools â drills, taps, etc.
- Single point cutting tool geometry
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The single point cutting tool mainly consist of tool shank & cutting part called point. The point of cutting tool is bounded by cutting face, end flank, side/ main flank, & base. The chip slide along the face.
The side / main cutting edge âabâ is formed by intersecting of face & side / main flank
The end cutting edge âacâ is formed by the intersection of end flank & base.
The point âaâ which the intersection of end cutting edge & side cutting edge is called nose
Mainly the chip cuts by side cutting edge.
- Terminology of single point cutting tool
- Shank â It is main body of tool. The shank used to grippesd in tool holder.
- Flank â The surface or surface below the adjacent of the cutting edge is called flank of the tool.
- Face â It is top surface of the tool along which the chips slides.
- Base â It is actually a bearing surface of the tool when it is held in tool holder or clamped directly in a tool post.
- Heel â It is the intersection of the flank & base of the tool. It is curved portion at the bottom of the tool.
- Nose â It is the point where side cutting edge & base cutting edge intersect.
- Cutting edge â It is the edge on face of the tool which removes the material from workpiece. The cutting edges are side cutting edge (major cutting edge) & end cutting edge ( minor cutting edge)
- Tool angles-Tool angles have great importance. The tool with proper angle, reduce breaking of tool, cut metal more efficiently, generate less heat.
- Noise radius âIt provide long life & good surface finish sharp point on nose is highly stressed, & leaves grooves in the path of cut.Longer nose radius produce chatter.
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ShrinkDWorldTool angles
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- Side cutting edge angle (C[SUB]s[/SUB]) (lead angle ) â
The complementary angle of the side cutting edge is called âApproach angleâ.
With lager side cutting edge angle the chips produced will be thinner & wider which will distribute the cutting forces & heat produced more over cutting edge.
On other hand greater the component for force tending to separate the work & tool. This causes chatter.
- End cutting edge angle (C[SUB]e[/SUB]) â
It satisfactory value is 80 to 150.
This is denoted by âC[SUB]e[/SUB]â
Function â Provide clearance or relief to trailing end of cutting edge.
It prevent rubbing or drag between machined surface & the trailing port of cutting edge.
- Back rack/ Front rake / Top rake angle (α[SUB]b[/SUB]) â
It is denoted by âα[SUB]b[/SUB]â
- Side rake angle (α[SUB]s[/SUB]) â
It is denoted by âα[SUB]s[/SUB]â
- Front clearance angle / End relief angles â
It avoid rubbing of workpiece against tool.
- Side clearance /relief angle â
It avoid rubbing between flank & workpiece when tool is fed longitudinally.
- Lip angle / cutting angle â
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ShrinkDWorld
- More images for better understanding.
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ShrinkDWorld
- Designation of cutting tool / Tool signature –
- Machine reference system (or American Standard Association system) (ASA)
- Tool reference system (or Orthogonal rake system) (ORS)
- Machine reference system (or American Standard Association system) (ASA)—
So tool signature or tool designation under machine reference system is given by [SUB]b[/SUB]-[SUB]s[/SUB]-Q[SUB]e[/SUB]-Q[SUB]s[/SUB]-C[SUB]e[/SUB]-C[SUB]s[/SUB]-R
where
α[SUB]b[/SUB]=Back rake angle
α[SUB]s[/SUB]=side rake angle
Q[SUB]e[/SUB]= end cleance angle
Q[SUB]s[/SUB]= side clearance angle
C[SUB]e[/SUB]= end cutting edge angle
C[SUB]s[/SUB]= side cutting edge angle
R= nose radius. -
ShrinkDWorld
- Tool wear / Tool failure –
Cause of tool wear—
- Interaction between tool & chip.
- Cutting forces.
- Temperature increase during cutting.
Tool wear changes tool shape, decrease efficacy. Tool wear induce loss of dimensional accuracy, loss of surface finish. It increases power consumption.
*Classification of tool wear –
- Flank wear
- Crater wear on tool face
- Chipping
- Breakage
- Loss of hardness at high temperature
- Flank wear.
The width of wear land (hf) is account as a measure of wear & it is determined by means of tool maker microscope.
Causes—
- Feed of brittle material is less than 0.15 mm/rev.
- Abrasion by hard particles & inclusions in workpiece.
- Abrasion by fragment of built up edge.
- Shearing of micro welds between tool & work.
- Crater wear –
Causes—
- Pressure of chips when it is slide over face of tool.
- High temp at tool- chip interface. Some times it reaches to the melting temperature.
- Crater wear is more in case of continuous chips of ductile material.
- Lack of lubrication.
- Feed is less than 0.15 mm/rev.
- Low cutting speed.
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ShrinkDWorld· Tool life – (reseved)
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ShrinkDWorldvideo 1 (reserved)
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ShrinkDWorldvideo 2 (reserved)
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ShrinkDWorldNow we can discuss above topic in this thread.
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Ankita Katdare#-Link-Snipped-# If at all you are reading this, you need to finish what you've started. It's a wonderful tutorial. 👍 Thank you for your contribution.
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Raparti Sai Subramanyamexcellent
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Nikhil J ChotaiCan you Please explain relationship between shear angle and rake angle
You are reading an archived discussion.
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