Max, welcome to CE.
...and welcome to the world of Engineering

I'm glad that you're trying to learn the things yourself, but don't get disheartened if diodes, capacitors and those highway-like lines on PCB don't make sense. Probably, that's what CEan - Lord_EC wanted to tell you.
Here's the action plan that I'd recommend (I'm assuming that you're an absolute newbie to electronics)-
1. The Basics: Search the internet for what these tiny devices actually do. For example, you must know what 'capacitance' is or why do we need to put the resistance in place.
2. Theory: Learn the basic laws of electricity. Can you design very simple circuits? (ask for ideas if you want).
3. If you face any difficulty in learning, post a question on CE. There are lots of electronics dudes & dudettes over here to help you.
All the best & have fun!
-The Big K-